Both the ICCPR and the Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination serve to protect defendants in criminal cases from discriminatory application of the laws. In relevant part, the Race Convention obligates member states to « prohibit and eliminate racial discrimination in all its forms and to guarantee the right of everyone, without distinction as to race, colour, or national or ethnic origin, to equality before the law, » including the « right to equal treatment before the tribunals and all other organs administering justice. »

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